#e <t>migration<d>426<n>Romans leave Britain<info>The Romans left as Picts and Scots invaded from the north. The Saxons were invited over to assist in expelling them, but gradually took possession of the country.
#e <d>827<n>Egbert forms Kingdom of England<au>Egbert
#e <t>battle<d>991 Aug 11<n>Maldon<c>Essex<info>The English leader Byrtnoth and his force were defeated by raiding Vikings.
// 11th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>Macbeth<ac>1040<d>1057
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>Malcolm III<b>1031(1)<ac>1058<d>1093 Nov 13/*<fa>Duncan I*/<c>Scotland<info>Malcolm lived in exile until he defeated and killed Macbeth in 1057. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson. Malcolm founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years.
#e <t>battle<n>Hastings<d>1066<c>Hastings
// 12th century
// 13th century
#e <t>decree<n>Magna Carta<d>1215 Jun 19<c>Surrey<info>Charter of English Liberties granted by King John
// 14th century
// 15th century
#p <nat>English<o>diplomat<o>writer<n>Thomas More<b>1478<d>1535<info>beheaded by Henry VIII
#e <t>war<n>War of the Roses<d>1455<e>1485<c>England
#p <nat>English<o>ruler<n>Oliver Cromwell<b>1599 Apr 25<app>1653 Dec<d>1658 Sep 3<c>England<info>Oliver Cromwell was one of the most important figures in British history, a great general, and lord protector of the Commonwealth, or republic, of England, Scotland, and Ireland for five years. Elected first to the Parliament in 1628, Cromwell made his mark by attacking the bishops of the Church of England. He was chosen in 1640 to represent Cambridge in the Long Parliament. Once again he attacked the bishops, urging their total abolition and advocating purification of the church by abandoning the Book of Common Prayer and instituting more sermons. As war between King Charles I and Parliament approached, Cromwell raised a troop and later a cavalry regiment (called the Ironsides) at Huntingdon. In the English Civil War he won most of East Anglia for Parliament. As second in command to Sir Thomas Fairfax, he helped take Oxford in 1646, thus ending the first civil war. When the largely Presbyterian Parliament quarreled with its army, Cromwell, himself an Independent (congregationalist), sided with the sectarian soldiers. After defeating the Scots, who had allied with the king, at Preston in 1648, he decided that Charles was responsible for renewing the civil war and pressed for his trial and execution. Between 1649 and 1651, Cromwell fought successfully in Ireland and Scotland, replacing Fairfax as commander in chief in 1650. When he perceived that the Rump Parliament was not pressing on with the reform of the church and state and was antagonistic to the army, he forcibly dissolved it and in 1653 invited a nominated assembly of Independents (Barebone's Parliament) to create a new society. But this assembly moved too fast and was too extreme for Cromwell's taste. After it resigned its power in December 1653, a written constitution, the Instrument of Government, was drawn up by a group of army officers. It made Cromwell lord protector to govern the country with the aid of a council of state and a single-chamber Parliament. Before the first protectoral Parliament met, Cromwell and his council carried out many valuable reforms, particularly of the law. Neither of his two Parliaments passed much other legislation. His second Parliament offered to make him king in 1657, an offer that he refused. Cromwell had helped to fashion a first-class army and a large navy, which caused the Commonwealth to be recognized as a great power in Europe. England was victorious in the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-54) and, by allying with the French against Spain, acquired Jamaica and Dunkerque and laid the foundations of an overseas empire. At home Cromwell succeeded in establishing a broad church with complete freedom for all Christian sects to worship as they wished outside it. His building up of the national prestige and his tolerance in religious matters - which was extended to the Jews, who were allowed to settle in England for the first time since 1290 - were his outstanding achievements. He was succeeded peaceably by his son, Richard Cromwell. He was buried with pomp in Westminster Abbey, but his corpse was disinterred, hanged, and beheaded by order of King Charles II in 1661.<ref>Grolier
// 17th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>prince<n>James Francis Stuart<b>1688<d>1766<sur>James Stuart<fa>James II<info>Prince of Wales
#e <d>1605 Nov 5<n>Guy Fawkes arrested<c>London<info>Guy Fawkes was arrested in the basement of the parliament buildings in London. He was found with a large quantity of explosives meant to destroy the buildings.
#e <t>fire<n>Great Fire of London<d>1666 Sep 2<c>London
// 18th century
#p <nat>English<o>admiral<n>Horatio, Lord Nelson<sur>Nelson<b>1758 Sep 29<d>1805 Oct 21<info>Nelson entered the Royal Navy at the age of 12 and was a captain by 1778. Nelson fought in the defeat of the Spanish fleet off Cape Saint Vincent in 1797. The following year he was victorious against the French in the Battle of the Nile; finding the French fleet in the Bay of Abukir, he adopted the tactic of approaching his opponents from the shore side. Stationed next at Naples, he began a celebrated liaison with Emma, Lady Hamilton, wife of the British ambassador there; she bore him a daughter in 1801. At the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, Nelson put a telescope to his blind eye - he had been blinded in battle in 1794 and had also lost his right arm in 1797 - to avoid seeing a signal from his commander, Sir Hyde Parker, that would have prevented him from crippling the Danish fleet. On the renewal of war with France in 1803, Nelson was given the crucial task of blockading the French fleet at Toulon. Although he failed to prevent the French from breaking out and uniting with the Spanish fleet in 1805, he eventually brought the combined navies to battle after crossing and recrossing the Atlantic. He was killed in the resulting Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805, but he lived long enough to know that his victory was complete and that it had saved Britain from the danger of a Napoleonic invasion. The Victory, his flagship at Trafalgar, is preserved at Portsmouth, England.
#p <nat>Scottish<o>prince<n>Charles Edward Stuart<b>1720<d>1788<sur>Charles Stuart<aka>Bonnie Prince Charlie<fa>James Francis Stuart
#p <nat>English<o>prime minister<n>Winston Churchill<b>1874 Nov 30<d>1965<el>1940<ret>1945<el>1951<ret>1955
#p <nat>English<o>economist<n>John Maynard Keynes<b>1883 Jun 5<d>1946 Apr 21<c>Cambridge
#e <t>law<d>1807 Mar 25<n>British ban slave trade<c>London<info>British Parliament abolished slave trade.
// 20th century
// WW-I
#e <t>sinking<d>1915 May 7<n>Lusitania sunk<c>North Atlantic<info>The British liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland. About 1,200 people were drowned, including 128 Americans. The sinking provoked a massive outcry in the United States, and President Woodrow Wilson protested strongly to Germany. The German government justified the action on the grounds that the Lusitania carried munitions, but it privately ordered German submarines not to sink passenger ships without warning. The incident contributed to the deterioration in U.S.-German relations that eventually led the United States to enter World War I.
//
#p <nat>British<o>prime minister<n>Margaret Thatcher<fem><b>1925 Oct 13<el>1979<ret>1990
// WW-II
#e <t>speech<n>"We shall fight on the beaches..."<au>Churchill<d>1940 Jun<c>London
// Post-war
#e <t>bombing<d>1979<n>Earl Mountbatten killed<c>England<info>The bomb which killed the uncle of Prince Charles was set by IRA member Thomas McMahon.
#e <t>construction<d>1987 Dec<e>1991 Jun<n>"Chunnel"<c>English Channel<info>The Channel Tunnel is a complex of three tunnels under the English Channel, connecting Calais, France, with Folkestone, England. It is the first submarine link ever established between Great Britain and the European Continent. Previous tunnels were begun in 1883 and 1974, but were not completed. In 1986 the French and British governments awarded contracts for the present rail tunnel to an Anglo-French consortium. Work began in December 1987, and the actual digging of the tunnels was finished in June 1991. The two sides of the Channel tunnel met on December 1, 1990. The Channel Tunnel was finally inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II and President Mitterrand in May 1994. The construction delays and the total cost - $16 billion, more than twice the original estimate - nearly bankrupted Eurotunnel. It is 50 km long, 38 km of which is under water.
// Falklands war
#e <t>battle<d>1982 Apr 2<n>Argentine forces invade the Falkland Islands<c>Falkland Islands
//#e <t><d>1982 Apr 5<n>British task force leaves England<c>England
#e <t>battle<d>1982 May 4<n>Argentines sink the "Sheffield"<info>with Exocet missile<c>South Atlantic
#e <t>surrender<d>1982 Jun 14<n>Argentine troops surrender to British<c>Port Stanley